Comparative evaluation of microbiome of healthy and ailing implants- a systematic review

Anupama Pathak; Saumyendra Vikram Singh; Deeksha Arya

Anupama Pathak Department of Prosthodontics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Saumyendra Vikram Singh Department of Prosthodontics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Deeksha Arya Department of Prosthodontics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Keywords: biofilm; dental implant; microbiome; microbial diversity; per-implantitis.

Abstract

Aim- To review and compare the microbiome associated with healthy dental implant and peri-implantitis sites.

Methods- Electronic search was conducted on Pub Med, MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library databases to select studies assessing microbiome of healthy implants and peri-implantitis sites. Only original studies evaluating microbial profiles published in the last ten years in English were eligible.

Results: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection frequency varied in healthy and peri- implantitis sites for A. actinomycetemcomitans (3-8 for healthy; 4-42 for peri-implantitis), P.gingivalis (9-2 for healthy; 8 to 93 for per-implantitis), P.intermedia (4-22 for healthy; 7-32 for peri-implantitis), T.forsythia (8 for healthy; 9-40 for peri-implantitis), T.denticola (7-10 for healthy; 7 to 54 for peri-implantitis) and C.rectus (0-44 for healthy; 0 to 70 for peri-implantitis). Candida albicans (C.albicans), Epstein Bar Virus 2 (EBV2) and Human Cytomegalovirus 1 (HCMV1) were found at both healthy and diseased peri-implant sites while HCMV 2 and EBV 1 were present at peri-implantitis sites only with the PCR technique.

Prevalence percentage at peri-implant sites with Hybridization technique varied in healthy and peri-implantitis sites for A.actinomycetemcomitans (17%-23.1% for healthy; 23.1%-38% for peri-implantitis, P.gingivalis (27.7%-30.8% for healthy; 53.8%-56% for peri-implantitis), P.intermedia (21.3%-30.8% for healthy; 30.8%-45.8% for peri-implantitis), T.denticola (7.7%-14.9% for healthy; 8.3%-45.2% for peri-implantitis), T.forsythia (5.5%-46.1% for healthy; 61.5% for peri-implantitis), P.endodontalis (7.7% for healthy; 15.4% for peri-implantitis), P.nigrescorens (15.4% for healthy; 23.1% for peri-implantitis), C.rectus (00-27.7% for healthy; 15.4%-61.4% for peri-implantitis), and F.nucleatum (40.4%-61.5% for healthy; 38.5%-58.4% for peri-implantitis).

Conclusion- There was change in detection frequency of A.actionomycetemcomitans, P.gingivalis, P.intermedia, T.denticola, T.forsythia and C.rectus (not established statistically) at peri-implantitis sites. EBV 1 and HCMV 2 were associated with peri-implantitis sites only while C.albicans, EBV 2 and HCMV 1 were found present at both healthy and diseased implant sites.